Timely topics in pain research and treatment have been selected for presentation, but the information provided and opinions expressed have not involved any verification of the findings, conclusions, and opinions by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)®. Thus, opinions expressed in IASP educational activities do not necessarily reflect those of the Association or of the Officers and Councilors of IASP. No responsibility is assumed by the Association for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instruction, or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of the rapid advances in the medical sciences, the Association recommends that independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.